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What are the rules of war? And how do they apply to Israel's actions in Gaza?_我的网站

一 |     Six days after a brutal attack by armed Hamas militants on Israeli civilians, Israel ordered an evacuation of more than 1 million Palestinians in northern Gaza ahead of what could be an unprecedented ground offensive there against Hamas."We are going to destroy Hamas infrastructures, Hamas headquarters, Hamas military," vowed Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant as airstrikes were underway.The U.S. and other nations have repeatedly warned Israel to follow the "rules of war."But what are they? And will they prevent civilians from being hurt?Here's what to know about international humanitarian laws and how they might apply in the Israeli-Hamas conflict in Gaza.

Is Israel bound by the rules of war?

Yes.Israel has promised to abide by international humanitarian law including those under the Geneva Convention that seeks to minimize the impact on civilians, provide aid to the wounded on the battlefield, and not to mistreat prisoners of war.In general, the U.S. military and Israeli Defense Force also rely on similar rules of engagement in military operations.Israel insists it follows the rules of war and always has.But there is disagreement by international groups about exactly what qualifies as a violation in a country's quest to defend itself against terror attacks, as well as whether Israel could be prosecuted through the International Criminal Court -- an entity Israel doesn't recognize.Officials at the United Nations and European Union have accused Israel of already violating its promise not to harm civilians by cutting water and electricity to all of Gaza residents, including to hospitals. They also say it's impossible to ensure the safety of so many civilians by giving only 24 hours to evacuate to avoid the fighting.Palestinian health authorities estimate 1,799 civilians have been killed in Israeli airstrikes, including 583 children, following Hamas' attacks that have killed at least 1,300 Israelis.Ravina Shamdasani, spokesperson for the Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human rights, said Hamas' brutality doesn't "liberate" Israel from adhering to international humanitarian laws."It is absolutely crucial that Israeli leaders and global leaders make it unambiguously clear that international humanitarian law is an obligation. It is not optional, and that military operations must be conducted in full compliance with international law," she said.President Joe Biden said he delivered that message directly to Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu this week, later telling reporters "that it is really important that Israel, with all the anger and frustration … they operate by the rules of war.""And there are rules of war," Biden added.

How would the rules apply in this conflict? Would civilians be spared?

Avoiding harm to civilians though can fall into a gray area, particularly when it comes to a massive ground operation unfolding on a remarkably narrow strip of land. Gaza is among the most populated areas on Earth, roughly 7.5 miles at its widest and 25 miles long with some 2 million inhabitants.Eric Oehlerich, a retired Navy SEAL and ABC News contributor, said that even with sophisticated weaponry, such an operation would be extraordinarily difficult to carry out with no civilians harmed."There isn't a force in the world that can deal with 40,000 (enemy) soldiers interspersed with civilians in that densely populated area" and have "zero" civilian deaths, said Oehlerich."It's impossible," he added.One question will be what constitutes a valid military target, said Mick Mulroy, a former deputy assistant secretary of defense for the Middle East and retired CIA paramilitary operations officer.Israel says that Hamas -- which doesn't abide by humanitarian laws in its deliberate attack on civilians last week -- uses Palestinian civilians and hospitals as shields."If Hamas holds up in a building -- whether it's a hospital or mosque -- it becomes a valid military target," said Mulroy, also an ABC contributor. "That said, every reasonable step should be taken to eliminate or reduce civilian casualties (and) has to be done."

What does all this mean for hostages held by Hamas and US citizens inside Gaza?

Oehlerich, who has participated in military operations to free hostages, said getting those hostages out using military force will also be extraordinarily tough. That's because Hamas will likely have gone to great lengths to hide the hostages, including possibly rigging secret tunnels or even the hostages themselves with explosives.Oehlerich said success is more likely to come through backchannel negotiations with countries like Egypt and Qatar.Israeli officials say its special operations forces have been operating inside Gaza in past days trying to locate hostages. The US is also working the Red Cross and the UN to establish "safe zones" for foreign nationals to leave, including Americans located within Palestine, according to a senior State Department official.Beyond that, questions remain on how many innocent people will be hurt or killed inside Gaza. When asked by a reporter Friday what worries him most about the Israeli ground invasion, Biden had a one-word answer."Death," he said.ABC News' Shannon Crawford, William Gretsky and Mary Bruce contributed to this report.。         Maya archaeological site in Cancun, Mexico Photo: VCG
Before becoming an award-winning science fiction writer, Baoshu was simply a fan fascinated by Hugo Award winner Liu Cixin's The Three-Body Problem. His desire to explore the universe created by the blockbuster trilogy led him to write The Redemption of Time (Remembrance of Earth's Past), a fan work that later became a published novel.
Years later, Baoshu has become one of the notable voices in Chinese science fiction. He was honored with the Mao Dun Newcomer Award this year, one of China's most prestigious literary awards for young writers. Established in 2015, the award recognizes outstanding writers and critics under the age of 45.
The award committee said his works have expanded the possibilities of science fiction through exploration of time, civilizations and the impact of technology on everyday life.
The honor adds to a growing list of achievements. Baoshu had previously won the Galaxy Award, China's equivalent of the Nebula Awards. His short story Tasting the Future Delicacy Three Times was a finalist for the Hugo Award for Best Short Story in 2024.
In his latest novel, The Sky of Kukulkan, published by New Star Press, Baoshu turns his fascination with the ancient Maya civilization into a story about humanity itself. The book is Baoshu's first major work after receiving the Mao Dun Newcomer Award.
Set during the final period of the Maya Classic era, the novel follows a fallen prince who, with the help of a priestess, gradually uncovers the secrets behind astronomical movements, unusual solar phenomena and the legend of the Feathered Serpent deity.
For Baoshu, the story is ultimately not only about the Maya, but also a reflection of humanity itself, its pursuit of knowledge and the universe, as well as the conflicts driven by human flaws.
"I think the most fascinating part of this story is that the Maya civilization is a microcosm of humanity itself," Baoshu told the Global Times. "It reflects mankind's journey to explore the universe and seek truth, while also showing how human weaknesses, such as greed and hostility, can lead to endless conflicts within society."
    Chinese sci-fi writer Baoshu Photo: Courtesy of New Star Press
The road to sci-fi
Born in 1980, Baoshu developed his passion for writing early. After moving to Haiyan, East China's Zhejiang Province, at the age of 6 with his parents, who worked in nuclear power construction, he spent much of his childhood reading science fiction and popular science books in local libraries.
As a primary school student, he began writing his own science fiction stories, although he said that his early works were immature.
His pen name, "Baoshu," has a much simpler origin. More than two decades ago, he chose it casually as an online username because he was a fan of Chinese martial arts novelist Jin Yong and created several usernames inspired by characters from Jin Yong's works. Most disappeared over time, but "Baoshu" remained.
After studying philosophy at Peking University, he continued writing short stories. His professional science fiction career began in 2010 while studying in Belgium, when his admiration for Liu Cixin's The Three-Body Problem inspired him to write the fan fiction novel The Redemption of Time (Remembrance of Earth's Past).
"His work has always set a benchmark for me, a standard I hope to approach even if it remains a distant goal," he said.
For Baoshu, The Redemption of Time (Remembrance of Earth's Past) was driven mainly by his love for Liu's fictional universe and his desire to explore the possibilities beyond the original trilogy.
"The world created by The Three-Body Problem is so rich and diverse that you feel there are many stories behind it that were not told," he said. 
"I wanted to express some of those possibilities in my own way."
    The cover of Baoshu's The Sky of Kukulkan. Photo: Courtesy of New Star Press
Sci-fi future
Baoshu said that, looking ahead, science fiction will continue expanding as technology changes society.
With technology such as artificial intelligence (AI) advancing at an unprecedented pace, the boundary between science fiction and reality is becoming increasingly blurred. Ideas once imagined only in novels are now entering everyday life, creating new questions and possibilities for writers to explore.
AI, for example, has created new creative opportunities and raised new questions about humanity's relationship with machines. But he noted that AI is not an entirely new topic for science fiction.
"Science fiction has been writing about AI for many years," he told the Global Times. "At different stages, new technologies emerge and connect with new social issues, creating new possibilities for storytelling."
He expects one major direction for future science fiction will be "science fiction realism" - stories that focus on how technology affects ordinary life, society and human emotions.
Another challenge for Chinese science fiction is finding deeper connections with local culture.
"Science fiction was once seen as a relatively foreign literary form because it originated overseas," Baoshu said. "But as the genre expands into deeper areas of social life, it also changes how we understand the past."
He said, as science fiction continues to gain popularity in China, the genre is creating more opportunities for new voices. 
Efforts to promote new forms of popular literature have given people from different backgrounds more opportunities to write and share their voices.
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